BIOTIC CONSTRAINTS IN RICE PRODUCTIVITY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO RICE ROOT NEMATODE: Hirschmanniella spp. A REVIEW

Rice is a monocotyledonous crop plant falling in the angiosperm division. The major biotic factors affecting rice yields are insect pests, diseases, and nematodes. Plant parasitic nematodes are microscopically hidden worms which attack many economically important crop plants and could be a major constraint to obtain high yield of rice. These nematodes are often unnoticed as most of them are root parasitic. Hirschmaniella spp. have been considered as highly damaging plant parasitic nematodes in all rice growing zones of the world. This review provides an insight into damaged rice productivity caused by Hirschmaniella spp. and updated study on rice and Hirschmaniella spp. interaction.